Foreign powers have invaded Korea so many times in the history, and Korean people have fought with them. However, the newly emerged power, Kwonmunsejok conspired with Won, combined the land and created the grand farm. It led to the bankruptcy of the nation and the severe instability of farmers' lives.
High officials who studied Neo-confucianism tried to correct the situation. While the international relations are stabilized and the power and the wealth were excessively centralized in the 16th century, a power to achieve scholar-led moral politics and improve the autonomy of the country districts was newly emerged. It was called Sarim, and it seized the political power when King Seonjo ruled the nation after overcoming several times of conflicts.
Sarim contributed to create active discussion culture and enable local powers to participate in politics, while create conflicts between parties.
As wars with Japan and China from the late 16th century to the early 17th century, restoration after wars became urgent issues, and it created realism.